Nokia, a lesson in innovation (part 3 of 3).

While it麓s true that the financial community may value a company incorrectly at any given time, according to Benjamin Graham, over the long term it seems to have a more appropriate valuation (1). In addition, it is interesting to see the history of events next to...

Nokia, a lesson in innovation (part 2 of 3).

In the previous article we discussed Nokia’s exciting rise to become the absolute leader in the mobile telephony market. Now we will review one of the most complicated stages a company can face, the loss of market leadership. Continuous improvement vs....

Nokia, a lesson in innovation (part 1 of 3).

To talk about Nokia is to talk about one of the most successful companies in the world. Its history of more than 100 years is exciting, full of sobering events. Especially its history in the telecommunications and cellular telephony market, which is the best known to...

Apple: A leader’s DNA of innovation.

In August 2018 Apple became the first U.S. public company to surpass the $1,000,000,000,000,000 mark in market capitalization (this is equivalent to $1 trillion U.S. dollars or $1,000 billion U.S. dollars in “Market Cap”) (1). Why did the market value...

The challenges of Industry 4.0 (part two).

In the first part of this article, we saw the dynamics of a “Smart Factory” (factory of the Industry 4.0 era). All the machines were connected and coordinated in an automated way to carry out the production of canned soft drinks up to the logistics to...